The Mayor of Casterbridge - 1724 Words

The Picture of Dorian Gray is a short novel by Oscar Wilde originally published in 1890. The story begins at the home of Basil Hallward and opens with a conversation between him and Lord Henry Wotton. Lord Henry is fervently admiring Basil’s latest portrait of a young, beautiful man, Dorian Gray. Dorian Gray is the main protagonist in the story. He is described as having a â€Å"simple and beautiful nature†, and he remains this way until he is corrupted by the antagonist of the story, Lord Henry, who reveals himself to be the epitome of selfishness and egocentricity. He convinces Dorian that he must hold on to his youth as it will fade fast and he will grow old, which causes Dorian to wish that the painting Basil has crafted will grow old†¦show more content†¦However, although Sybil truly loves him he rejects her and tells her he never wants to see her again. When she commits suicide the night they break up, he shrugs her death off as â€Å"the past is the p ast,† thus beginning the real transformation into the monster he is to become. He continues to get progressively worse over the next decade or two until he murders Basil, who is attempting at the time to get him to beg forgiveness for his sins and is telling him it is not too late to change his ways. It is at this point that I believe that Dorian realizes he needs to change. One day while he is with Lord Henry he complains about not being able to love anymore and begs Lord Henry never to give the same yellow book to anybody ever again. However, when he returns to see if anything has changed in the portrait he is met with a smirk of hypocrisy. Dorian realizes that it has become impossible for him to turn back the moral dial; he had various opportunities to do so throughout the novel, but it is too late. In a last ditch effort he tries to destroy the picture – the man he has become – to redeem himself, but his attempts at redemption are unsuccessful; when he kills the man in the portrait he kills himself. 2) Often when reading we come across a particular line and must go back because it is simply worth another look. This line may give us chills and make us think for a second only to disregard itShow MoreRelatedThe Mayor of Casterbridge1523 Words   |  7 PagesThe Mayor of Casterbridge 1. Discuss the ways in which Hardy has raised awareness of social issues in the readers of The Mayor of Casterbridge. The Mayor of Casterbridge written by Thomas Hardy in 1884/85 reflects upon the Progression of Modernism during the first half of the 19th century English society that was progressing in a difficult transition from a pre-industrial Britain to â€Å"modern† Victorian times. Much of the action and plot in Hardy’s novel The Mayor of Casterbridge takes placeRead More The Mayor Of Casterbridge Essay964 Words   |  4 Pages Literature: The Mayor of Casterbridge nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Can it be said that Henchards downfall is all due to some great error? Some may believe that it is a penance for selling Susan, but this would be to take Newson out of the equation, who, it must be said, is just as guilty of this act as Henchard. I believe that Henchard is totally blameless for his downfall, to use a bad pun that will become apparent later, it is in his nature. It is my belief that Henchard is a personificationRead MoreThe Mayor Of Casterbridge Critical Analysis1473 Words   |  6 PagesInterpolation of Industrial Culture into Agrarian Society in The Mayor of Casterbridge In recent decades, American culture has shifted away from its long established ideals, globalization has depolarized the world, changing the landscape for gender equality, and exponentially advancing technology. These changes have occurred throughout history, constantly evolving the world to adapt to different problems. Thomas Hardy’s The Mayor of Casterbridge shows the establishment of new trends in society, using charactersRead MoreThe Life And Death Of The Mayor Of Casterbridge1275 Words   |  6 PagesAs it’s full title, The Life and Death of the Mayor of Casterbridge: A Story of a Man of Character, indicates, the novel is concerned with the representation of the rise and fall, joys and sorrows, and triumph and defeat of its central character, Michael Henchard, where happiness seems as rare as an oasis in a vast dreary desert of sorrow and misfortune. Considered one of Thomas Hardy’s most masterful works, The Mayor of Casterbridge, is first and foremost an A ristotelian tragedy of the most movingRead MoreHenchard in The Mayor of Casterbridge Essay1042 Words   |  5 PagesIs Henchard a sympathetic character? Should we pity him at the end of the novel, or does he get what he deserves? â€Å"The Mayor of Casterbridge† – The title refers to the main character in the book, Michael Henchard, who is the key figure in the novel. The whole story rotates around his life, and how he and the other characters change. Many criticise Thomas Hardy for this book due to the unlikely coincidences that occur many times through the book. The book takes place in rural England, inRead MoreThe Mayor Of Casterbridge By Thomas Hardy1313 Words   |  6 PagesIn the novel The Mayor of Casterbridge by Thomas Hardy, the protagonist Michael Henchard discovers that if man makes rash decisions and is not careful, he will cause himself to self-destruct mentally and physically. Told in third person point of view, the author supports his theme by describing the setting of the fictional town of Casterbridge, establishing the central conflict of Henchard forgetting about his past, and becoming a new, better man. This affects the work as a whole because Hardy sRead MoreThe Setting and Symbols in the Mayor of Casterbridge1388 Words   |  6 Pagesconsider The Mayor of Casterbridge one of Hardy ¡Ã‚ ¯s two great novels. Of all the Wessex ¡Ã‚ ¯s novels, however, this is the least typical. Although it makes much less use of the physical environment than do the others, we still cannot ignore the frequently use of symbols and setting in th e novel. In my essay, I ¡Ã‚ ®ll analyze the function of the symbols and the setting in The Mayor of Casterbridge. THE SETTING AND SYMBOLS IN THE MAYOR OF CASTERBRIDGE The setting place of this novel is Casterbridge (England)Read MoreMayor Of Casterbridge Narcissistic Characteristics1446 Words   |  6 PagesDorset, a town that’s known for it’s ability to remained relatively unchanged in both quality of life and mentalities for hundreds of years. Hardy explores the characters in the town of Casterbridge in his novel, The Mayor of Casterbridge, which is based on his own hometown of Dorset. Within this town of Casterbridge, we follow, as Hardy puts it, A Story of a Man of Character. This supposed Man of Character is Michael Henchard, who challenges the readers perception of what it means to have characterRead MoreThe Mayor Of Casterbridge, By Thomas Hardy907 Words   |  4 PagesPersonal growth is an essential element of human development and progress. However, even though there are countless opportunities for the characters in Thomas Hardy s novel, The Mayor of Casterbridge, to embrace and experience this necessary growth, there is a n absence of such personal advancement and progress. Ultimately, the decisions and actions of Michael Henchard, Lucetta Le Sueur, Donald Farfrae, and Elizabeth Jane all demonstrate repetitive qualities and a lack of character development whichRead MoreThomas Hardys The Mayor of Casterbridge Essay1450 Words   |  6 PagesThomas Hardys The Mayor of Casterbridge. Sex is so intertwined in our society that it pervades each facet, including television, books, advertising, and conversation. Movies like The Matrix toss in gratuitous sex because the audience nearly expects it. Thomas Hardys The Mayor of Casterbridge, therefore, is exceptional in its lack of sexual situations. The subject of sexual motivation and its inherent ambiguity with regard to Henchards actions is a topic that caught my attention from the

Sarbanes Oxley Act Government Policy Paper - 967 Words

Sarbanes-Oxley Act Government Policy Paper Kelly L. Privatte Cosumnes River College Author Note This paper was prepared for Economics 304, taught by Professor Nguyen Introduction The government formulates various laws to achieve optimum utilization of resources in the public sphere. Sarbanes-Oxley Act is one of the numerous laws drafted to optimize resources utilization in public companies (McNally, 2013). The act seeks to attain maximization utilization of resources by entrenching accountability and transparency in the reporting of financial matters. To this end, this paper explores the effects of Sarbanes-Oxley Act on United States financial market. Background and rationale Accountability is a critical factor for all public and private companies. In public companies accountability increases, public confidence in the board of management entrusted with a corporation. However, lack of accountability and transparency leads to loss of public confidence in the management of any entity. To this end, the state provides the legislative framework that ensures accountability and transparency prevails in public entities (McNally, 2013). Thus, the role of government is to ensure public companies are managed in a transparent and accountable manner as a way of attracting more investments and retaining public confidence. Sarbanes-Oxley Act is a law in the United States enacted to ensure public companies adhere to transparent standards of accounting in resource usage. The actShow MoreRelatedInternal Auditing : Corporate Fraud, Greed For Power, Money, And Influence1165 Words   |  5 Pagesdollars. This topic shifts to company responsibilities for employing internal aud iting practices and managers’ duties to uphold integrity over a decade Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has been prescribed. This paper ties in the connection between internal auditing and management by flowing into managerial accounting processes. Keywords: Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, (SOX), managerial accounting internal controls, internal audits, management, corporate fraud, ethics responsibility, whistleblowing, white collarRead MoreSarbanes Oxley Act And Its Effect On Market Liquidity1289 Words   |  6 Pagesseller (Abella, 2016). The Sarbanes Oxley Act in 2002 incentivized institutions to keep more accurate and attainable records of business. The Act being based off of the fraudulent activity of several high profile companies (eg. Enron), was put in place to better monitor and record a companies transactions, improve management style, and promote ethically responsible behavior in the workplace (Keneth, 2015). Our main purpose is to determine whether or not the Sarbanes-Oxley Act had an affect on marketRead MoreGenerally Accepted Auditing Principles1187 Words   |  5 PagesAuditors need to be able to recognize this and to report accurately on it. Before an auditor writes up the report for either the financial, operational or compliance audit, they must gather sufficient evidence to base their opinion. It is against most policies and unethical to provide an opinion if the auditor does not have all the facts. This could lead to the creation of wrong opinions that can hurt the business, the auditor or the investors that rely on the information that is provided. Auditors areRead MoreEssay on Acc 564 Assignment 11054 Words   |  5 PagesAuditing I | Sarbanes Oxley Act | Assignment 1 | | Rachael Lantz | 8/15/2012 | | Since the financial crisis investors have become less confident in the companies within the market. In order to restore confidence within the market and the audits of their financial statements Senator Sarbanes and Representative Oxley created the legislation known as the Sarbanes Oxley Act which came into effect in 2002. The legislation created major regulations on company financial reporting andRead More Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2004 Essay1713 Words   |  7 PagesSarbanes Oxley Act of 2004 The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 was signed into law on July 30, 2002 by President Bush. The new law came after major corporate scandals involving Enron, Arthur Anderson, WorldCom. Its goals are to protect investors by improving accuracy of and reliability of corporate disclosures and to restore investor confidence. The law is considered the most important change in securities and corporate law since the New Deal. The act is named after Senator Paul Sarbanes of MarylandRead MoreThe Sarbanes Oxley Act Of 20024626 Words   |  19 PagesPolicy Paper The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Jared Destine Business 102 - Section 122 July 26, 2015 Destine 2 Table of Contents Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 History†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.......4-5 Main Objectives/Description†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5-6 Title I†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.6-7 Title II†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.7-8 Title III†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.8 Title IV†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...9 Title V†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9Read MoreThe Sarbanes Oxley Act And Enron Essay1565 Words   |  7 PagesThe Sarbanes-Oxley Act was signed into law in 2002 and it was ment to ensure that publicly traded companies complied with policies that made their financial records honest and not distorted to make them look better or to make them look worse. This was supposed to cut down on the corporate fraud with accounting. This all started because some companies such as, Enron and WorldCom. Enron was reporting inaccurate trading revenues by acting as a middle man in partnerships and selling back and forth theseRead MoreAssignment 1 Whistleblowing and Sarbanes Oxley Due Essay938 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ Whistleblowing and Sarbanes-Oxley Due Artize L. Johnson Professor: Steve Harris LEG 500 Law, Ethics, Corporate Governance 26 April 2015 According to Halbert, Ingulli, Frey (2015), whistleblowers are people who decide to report unethical or illegal activities, usually activities under the control of their employers. They may be working for private companies, nonprofit organizations, or for the government. A whistleblower is an individual working in an organization who decidesRead MoreDatabases in My Organization992 Words   |  4 Pagesregulated by government polices such as Sarbanes-Oxley Act. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 is legislation enacted in response to the high-profile Enron and WorldCom financial scandals to protect shareholders and the general public from accounting errors and fraudulent practices in the enterprise. (www.whatis.com) Sarbanes-Oxley does not enforce business policies or procedures for record keeping. However, it defines which records should be stored and for what length of time. The Act states that allRead MoreSarbanes - Oxley Act of 20021275 Words   |  6 PagesIn this paper the author will describe the main aspects of the regulatory environment which will protect the public from fraud within corporations. The author will pay special attention to the Sox requirement; along with evaluating whether Sox will be effective in avoiding future frauds. Regulatory environment consist of several laws and regulations that has been developed by federal, state, and local governments in order to limit control over business practices. The regulatory environment plays

What is Black History Month Free Essays

Surprisingly, the answer to that seemingly simple question would have a multitude of different answers, varying in degrees from full support to total outrage, depending on who was asked. The extreme fluctuation in emotional reaction to what appears on the outside to be a month long celebration of heritage lies in the different opinions of some very complex issues. Arguments over the benefits versus harm, and the definition of black history itself are at the core of this heated debate. We will write a custom essay sample on What is Black History Month? or any similar topic only for you Order Now The month long focus on the history of Black Americans, known as Black History Month, was brought to life by Dr. Carter G. Woodson. Dr. Woodson, â€Å"one of the first black Americans to receive a Ph. D. from Harvard university† (Gearing Up For Black History Month, 2007), was disturbed in the lack of knowledge and availability of Black History in America of any kind. Woodson felt strongly about this lack of history for an entire ethnic group and felt the need to create a forum that would, â€Å"highlight the contributions of black Americans to our nation and the world. His goal was to bring to light the â€Å"‘hidden history and culture† of the American people, and through this special observance, help all Americans to appreciate their ethnic roots and develop a mutual respect among the races. † (Gearing Up for Black History Month, 2008) He chose the second week in February because of its association with two great men who had a great impact on the destiny of African Americans: Abraham Lincoln and abolitionist, Frederick Douglas. Today it is even more fitting that this remembrance be observed in February, as it holds many great achievements for Black Americans including; the birth of a great civil rights leader W. E. B. DuBois, the month that the 15th amendment was passed allowing black’s to vote, the acceptance of the first black senator, and the death of militant leader Malcolm X, naming just a few. (Infoplease, 2009) From the beginning, Woodson’s motivation in launching Negro History Week was an, â€Å"initiative to bring national attention to the contributions of black people throughout American history. † (â€Å"Black History Month†, 2000) Prior to that time Black history had been relatively unexplored except for the representation of blacks as slaves or in low and insignificant social positions. (Wikipedia, 2009). However, even from its inception as Negro History Week, this period of remembrance has been a source of contention. Annually, this heated debate over the, â€Å"continued usefulness and fairness of a designated month dedicated to the history of one race† (Wikipedia, 2009) has broken itself down into three major arguments. The first and most hotly debated topic is mainly that of purpose. What is the real underlying purpose of this celebration? One side proposes the benefits of self-identity while the other argues degradation of society. Those who argue on the side of identity feel strongly that the affects of â€Å"historical amnesia† is the root of the problem. Their position that the long term affects of slavery on the mentality of the people had a more devastating effect than generally understood. (Pitre, 2002) Black History serves the purpose of helping African Americans understand themselves by looking at the uniqueness and origin of their history in relation to the development of world history. Black history would encourage Black Americans to embrace their personal identity as opposed to self-negating one’s self (Karenga, 1982). (Pitre, 2002) Connecting with their larger past will give Black Americans the ability to see themselves as part of a repeating cycle of world history that is everchanging and full of opportunity for freedom and productivity. (Pitre, 2002) It is this great power for healing found in our histories that is so indispensable. For history is the substance and mirror of a people’s humanity in others’ eyes as well as in their own eyes. It is then, not only what they have done, but also a reflection of who they are, what they can do, and equally important what they can become as a result of the past which reveals their possibilities (Karenga, 1982, 69). (Pitre, 2002) With the desire to let Black Americans have the opportunity to see themselves in a better, broader light and thus inspire all Americans to achieve to become better, proponents of Black History Month encourage schools and educators to enlighten the minds of America’s youth by learning about American history through another ethnic perspective. The aim of a multicultural education is not just an â€Å"appreciation for cultural diversity† (Pitre, 2002) but also a more compassionate perspective that will lead to a more equitable America. It is important to note, however, that in a quest for real multiculturism, learning about Black history is not merely a recitation of a handful of accomplished Black Americans. It is much more than a compilation of inspiring stories, and more of a frank and honest look at the often horrifying realities of the past. It is by looking at history in an unbiased way that truths can be taught, and real lessons learned. For example, one Southern high school committed to multicultural program fought back against the tendency to use a watered down method of inviting speakers with limited knowledge of Black American history or who teach history within the acceptable set framework of the dominant culture. Instead, the high school students chose a non-traditional, Islamic speaker to share historic facts and how they related to the struggles of Black Americans today. The result was outstanding. The reaction of the students was an emotional self-realization that resulted in a life-changing experience. (Pitre, 2002) However, this opportunity to candidly look at the past and see the effects it has had on the present appears to be the root of the problem for those that oppose the observance of Black History Month. Among some of the most ardent fears is the supposition that teaching students the realities of history will color both Europe and the U. S. as bad actors on the world stage. They accuse Black American scholars of having the intention of rewriting history. Disturbingly, at the same time they proffer the weak argument that taking time out for multicultural education takes time away from basic work skills education. (Pitre, 2002) Furthermore, they strongly suggest that teaching Blacks about the â€Å"historical injustices perpetrated against them† (Pitre, 2002) will inspire vengeance against Whites. Any program or curriculum that induces people of African descent to group themselves in opposition to White policies must be squashed in the name of our mutual safety as White people (Kincheloe Steinberg, 1997, 7). (Pitre, 2002). In addition to these arguments are the attacks that the honoring of Black History Month is nothing more than an opportunity for a marketing device. Unfortunately, this is perfectly illustrated in a flyer encouraging the observance of Black History Month: A community is only as strong as the traditions that hold it together. Procter Gamble products such as Tide, Bounce and Downy have been a part of the traditions celebrated by African-American families for generations. (Black History Month: Reminds Us of Our Common Experiences and Hopes, 2005) Furthermore, this heated debate over the beneficial versus detrimental perspectives on Black History Month is often subsequently followed by the controversial question of, â€Å"What is Black History? † In one historians point of view, Black History should be understood as Black History that focuses on Black people, their identity, their culture, their social life, their psychology, and the way they have used these ethnic, group, and personal attributes to make history in America and to contribute to histories, countries, and peoples elsewhere on the globe. (Wright, 2002) This very important ideal holds that as Blacks uncover and reveal the truth of their history awareness of White people in American history will also be enlightened. By motivating Black historians to present the truth in a scholarly manner and thus provide the moral guidelines for Black political behavior in America, the racism that scarred the country and the attitudes and beliefs of its people can begin to heal. (Wright, 2002) This ever-present problem of seeking identity through the looking glass of the past is not just an American issue. In the United Kingdom, with large communities of many different ethnic groups the struggle to celebrate Black History Month sheds light on this question of identity in a much clearer way. In an effort to teach Black History and keep school programs alive, they have confronted the issue that their traditional teaching of Black History month focusing on Caribbean Black History is â€Å"failing to connect with the new migrant communities such as the Somalis. The compelling questions are about making sense of a world whose problems seem dominated by historic questions of identity. †(Hunt, 2006) This search for identity runs deep. As Black Americans struggle to find an acceptable way to identify themselves today and build a stronger foundation for the future, the debate will go on. However, there are still some basic issues with name identity that appear to add to the confusion. For instance, just the identification as Blacks, Black Americans, African Americans, Afro Americans or the orthographical capitalization of the letter â€Å"B† as in black Americans, has caused a strain on the black American community. The suggestion by some black historians that all black Americans are African American became a popular reference even though most Blacks disagreed and saw themselves only as Black Americans, and not identifying themselves in relation to Africa at all. (Wright, 2002) Obviously identity is an important part of viewing not only the past, but more importantly, the future. Perhaps this is the reason there is so much disagreement and conjecture. Moreover, it is also obvious that until agreements and decisions can be made, the unity that is necessary to achieve the identity so desperately sought after will remain elusive. Regardless of the debate that forges on, and will one day find a resolution; it seems clear that whether it is black history or white history, it is all American history. References Black History Month: Reminds Us of Our Common Experiences and Hopes. (2005, February). Ebony, 60, 46+. Retrieved March 4, 2009, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=5008550464 â€Å"Black History Month: the History of Black History. † Infoplease.  © 2000–2007 Pearson Education, publishing as Infoplease. 04 Mar. 2009 http://www. infoplease. com/spot/bhmintro1. html. Black History Month. (2009, March 3). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 18:05, March 4, 2009, from http://en. wikipedia. org/w/index. php? title=Black_History_Montholdid=274609871 Gearing Up for Black History Month in February 2008. (2007, December). Curriculum Review, 47, 14+. Retrieved March 4, 2009, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=5024613228 Hunt, T. (2006, October). Whose History Is It Anyway? as Part of the Ongoing Debate over Black History Month, Tristram Hunt Asks for Greater Dialogue between Politicians and Academics concerning the Place of History in Modern Britain. History Today, 56, 28+. Retrieved March 4, 2009, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=5017655596 Pitre, A. , Ray, R. (2002). The Controversy around Black History. The Western Journal of Black Studies, 26(3), 149+. Retrieved March 4, 2009, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=5000644111 Wright, W. D. (2002). Black History and Black Identity : A Call for a New Historiography /. Westport, CT: Praeger. Retrieved March 4, 2009, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=101983241 Wright, W. D. (2002). Critical Reflections on Black History /. Westport, CT: Praeger. Retrieved March 4, 2009, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=101985175 How to cite What is Black History Month?, Papers

Management Form Of Professional Judgment â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Management Form Of Professional Judgment? Answer: Introducation Sensitivity analysis is the accounting tool used by top management in companies to make a deep analysis for a given scenario. This analysis is also referred to as what-if-analysis as it commonly involves the process of getting an insight into the possible outcome of a given event. It is used to determine the important and unimportant factors on the greater profitability of the business. Top management involves this analysis in the process of capital budgeting so as to have an insight of the likelihood of the rapport that may ensue between various parts of the project sales, contribution, liquidity and the working capital management of an entity (, ?.?. and , ?.?., 2011) The purpose of the analysis is not to solely determine risk but rather to determine the reaction of NPV to various factors used in its calculation. This is due to the fact that the process of NPV involves some assumptions founded on forecast thus rendering it uncertain. Sensitivity analysis is one variable of the commonly used analysis tool to measure the extent of change in factors and the related assumptions that would have the impact on the profitability and the projected cashflow. The process of allowing managers to appraise a project before allocating resources to it is paramount as it gives the manager an insight of what the project would contribute toward the overall success of the business(Cooke-Davies, T.J., 2001) Sensitivity analysis tool as analysis tool has a various advantage such as 1.simplicity- in that there is no complicated theory involved as opposed to the most concept in accounting and finance where the certain theoretical concept has to be appreciated before a method is applied.2.It helps in directing the management`s effort. It identifies important areas as far as attainment of the organizational goal is concerned and any facet which is regarded as highly sensational will be highly monitored.3.Source of information through the use of this analysis, various information is availed to the management in the form that aid in the use of professional judgment. Notwithstanding its advantages, sensitivity analysis has got some disadvantage in that it fails to provide clear result as the term pessimistic and optimistic may have a different meaning to different people. Furthermore, it focuses on the relationship between factors for instance sales volume may be related to cost but each factor is analyzed in a different manner. Scenario Analysis Scenario Analysis is a way in which possible future events are ascertained and analyzed. It is a very crucial tool in finance and in economics and it is used extensively to make future projections. It does not try to manifest one specific scenario but rather the alternative possible outcome. The main aim in carrying out the Scenario Analysis is to estimate the risk associated with a specific plan against different situations that could possibly arise as the plan unfolds. Scenario analysis is not dependent on the past outcomes. Scenario Analysis is a way of configuring some thought about the future. Outcomes are evident based on different expected scenarios and so are the avenues that lead to that scenario from the current state of affairs, hence giving the institution more space to vary plans accordingly. Extremely positive or negative scenarios allow are stress-tested and proper risk mitigation done if considered appropriate. An example of a scenario is that involving good, middling and bad This kind of levels allows for a prudent spread of insights. It is also likely to come up with other types or levels of scenarios, But caution should be exercised to avoid excessive scenarios as the law of diminishing returns may rapidly come into action and the extra complication may hinder the realization of useful results. They are three basic and general approaches used in Scenario Analysis; Base case scenario-it is a scenario that is considered average based on the assumption from the management. For instance, when calculating the NPV, the rates mostly used are cash flow growth rate, discount rate and tax rate. Worse case scenario it considers the worst or severe result that may occur in a given scenario. For an instant, when calculating the NPV, the highest likely discount rate is taken and the possible cash flow growth rate is subtracted. Best Case Scenario This is the optimal projected scenario and it is most likely implemented by the management to achieve their goals. For example, when calculating the NPV, the least possible discount rate, lowest likely tax rate or highest possible growth rate is used. They are myriads of benefits of performing scenario analysis in finance. These include: Future planning-this gives the investors an idea of the risk and returns involved in a future investment. It also helps investors to be proactive-thus investor can avoid and decrease possible loss that results from factors that are uncontrollable. Scenario analyses help in avoiding risk and failures by assessing investment possibility. Lastly scenario analysis aid in projecting investment losses and returns. By virtue of the tools used it is possible to calculate the values of the potential gains or losses. Notwithstanding the said benefits, scenario analysis has got a number of limitations that make it difficult to be solely depended on by top management when making company`s financial decision or when there are budgeting for their available capital. First and foremost scenario analysis is very limited to a few discrete outcomes and may fail to clearly capture another possible outcome that may be envisaged if a more rigorous analysis is carried out. Therefore, this analysis limits the decision makers to explore other possible outcomes that may be attributed to a certain project hence leading to making wrong conclusions. Secondly coming up with the scenario probabilities has proven to be difficult as it is mostly based on individual discretion due to lack of a standard procedure for getting those probabilities. Thirdly, Scenario analysis make an assumption of a excellent interrelation between the inputs in the best case and worst case scenario. This assumption is a rather exaggerated as sumption and may lead to making the wrong conclusion regarding a certain decision. Lastly, the scenario analysis technique does not provide a decision rule from which one can accept or reject a decision. This limitation gives room for final decision to be arbitrarily determined hence rendering the whole process unreliable and undependable. Break-Even Analysis This analysis aims at finding the level of sales that will ensure the business will not operate under the loss or in other words`` how much can the sales be downsized and the business proceed to make profit. It is that level of sale that the company will make zero profit. This method finds the sales required to break-even. (Alhabeeb, M.J., 2012 ) The breakeven point is that point where sum total of income is equivalent to the sum total of expenses i.e fixed and variable cost. It is that point that is similar to the level of production, below which the company operate at a loss. Break even analysis involves grouping two main production cost i.i variable cost-those cost that varies with the different meaning of output fixed cost-those costs that are indirectly related to the output production (Tsorakidis, N., Papadopoulos, S., Zerres, M. and Zerres, C., 2011). Total fixed and variable costs are then compared with revenue from sales to get the amount of sales at which the company makes no profit and no loss. This analysis is a very important tool because it is used by managers to project the results of their plans. In this regard, It computes the value of sales which the business or company breaks even. Thus this tool is indeed pivotal in the budget making process or in cases there is development of a new product. The breakeven point formula is used where the business determine the exact amount sales item that is required to give a certain level of profit. Also, the marketing department of the company can make use of break even analysis to determine the results of an increase in the amount of production or when considering the alternative of venturing in machinery that involves high technology.. Break even analysis operates under three keys assumption. First is the Mean price per unit sales-this constitutes the price received per unit of sale made. The sales figure is obtained from the sales forecast. Secondly, this analysis assumes Average cost per unit of output- is the variable cost of each unit of sales. For example, if one purchase good for resale, then this cost constitutes the amount one pay for, on average, for the goods that you resale and in case of offering services, it constitutes what cost an individual per unit of service delivered. Thirdly is the monthly fixed costs-fixed cost are those type of cost that would continue even if one goes bankrupt. In this case, it is recommended that regular running fixed costs be used because it gives one a better insight on financial realities. Break even analysis enables the company to ascertain the effect of efficiency and cost to the overall profitability of the company. It also aids in analyzing the relationship that exists between variable and fixed cost. Using the break even analysis it is possible to foretell the effect that will ensue due to change in the prices of goods and services that that particular company offers and lastly it makes it possible to calculate profit and losses that are realized at different levels of sales and production. However Break even analysis has a number of limitation which includes: The assumption that sales prices do not change at all levels of output, this is not practically true as the sales prices are subject to variation depending on the status of the economy. It also makes an arise assumption that production and sales are the same. This may not be true as what is produced is not necessarily what is sold. The break even charts take quite a lot of time to prepare and hence it is time-consuming and lastly the break even analysis can be applied to a single product. Simulation Analysis This is a method where countless calculations are used to get the likely outcome and the possibility for any choice of action (Smith, D.J., 1994). The simulation analysis can be understood by virtue of the following steps.1.modelling the project-this shows how the NPV is related to the exogenous variables. The parameters constitute those variables that are specified by the decision maker and are held constant. The exogenous variables are determined randomly and are out of control of the decision maker.2.The second step is to get the values of the parameters and attach the probability to the random variables that arises from the outside factors.3.select any value from the probability distribution of the independent variables.4.Calculate the NPV of randomly generated independent variables and the parameters values.5.Repeat the two above steps to obtain a large number of simulated values of NPV.This simulation analysis forces the decision makers to consider all the interrelation and unc ertainties surrounding the project. Simulation analysis has an advantage over other techniques as it allows to foretell things that never happened before and to run situations out of the historical confines. However, theories that are satisfactorily predictive are rare to come by and it may take years to develop. Despite simulation being applicable to a variety of context, a formal set of best practice and rules is not available and for this reason, the simulation modeling may be difficult for new researchers who may lack references to refer from. Conclusion Thus the above various techniques for capital budgeting may be employed in undertaking capital budgeting process by the top management. As it has been indicated each technique has its advantage and disadvantage and as such the best technology should be used depending on what plan. It is only prudent for the management to subject any project that they want to undertake to several of the discussed techniques because the use of one independent technique may not reveal all the result that is required to make the final decision. Therefore all of the discussed techniques are important as far as capital budgeting is concerned and are hence extensively used by top management of various companies to define the viability of a project. ANALYTICAL EXAMPLE: BREAK EVEN ANALYSIS A company expects to sell 20,000 units at $20 each. The variable cost per unit is $10 and the fixed cost is $20,000 per annum. Calculate breakeven point in units and in sale revenue. Breakeven point= fixed cost divide by (sales price per unit minus variable cost per output) =20000/20-10 =20000/10 = 2000 units To get the sales revenue at break even point, the web divide the fixed cost by the contribution to sale ratio i.e $20,000/0.5=$40, References , ?.?. and , ?.?., 2011. Sensitivity Analysis in Capital Budgeting. Cooke-Davies, T.J., 2001. Towards improved project management practice: Uncovering the evidence for effective practices through empirical research. Universal-Publishers. Alhabeeb, M.J., 2012. Break?Even Analysis. Mathematical Finance, pp.247-273. Smith, D.J., 1994. Incorporating risk into capital budgeting decisions using simulation. Management decision, 32(9), pp.20-26. 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